For a brief user-level introduction to CMake, watch C++ Weekly, Episode 78, Intro to CMake by Jason Turner. LLVM’s CMake Primer provides a good high-level introduction to the CMake syntax. Go read it now.
After that, watch Mathieu Ropert’s CppCon 2017 talk Using Modern CMake Patterns to Enforce a Good Modular Design (slides). It provides a thorough explanation of what modern CMake is and why it is so much better than “old school” CMake. The modular design ideas in this talk are based on the book Large-Scale C++ Software Design by John Lakos. The next video that goes more into the details of modern CMake is Daniel Pfeifer’s C++Now 2017 talk Effective CMake (slides).
This text is heavily influenced by Mathieu Ropert’s and Daniel Pfeifer’s talks.
If you are interested in the history and internal architecture of CMake, have a look at the article CMake in the book The Architecture of Open Source Applications.
Modern CMake is only available starting with version 3.0.0.
CMake is code. Therefore, it should be clean. Use the same principles for CMakeLists.txt and modules as for the rest of the codebase.
For example, a project might use a common set of compiler warnings. Defining such properties globally in the top-level CMakeLists.txt file prevents scenarios where public headers of a dependent target causing a depending target not to compile because the depending target uses stricter compiler options. Defining such project properties globally makes it easier to manage the project with all its targets.
Those commands operate on the directory level. All targets defined on that level inherit those properties. This increases the chance of hidden dependencies. Better operate on the targets directly.
Different compilers use different command-line parameter formats. Setting the C++ standard via -std=c++14 in CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS will brake in the future, because those requirements are also fulfilled in other standards like C++17 and the compiler option is not the same on old compilers. So it’s much better to tell CMake the compile features so that it can figure out the appropriate compiler option to use.
As an example, don’t add -Wall to the PUBLIC or INTERFACE section of target_compile_options, since it is not required to build depending targets.
Starting with CMake 3.4, more and more find modules export targets that can be used via target_link_libraries.
Don’t fall back to the old CMake style of using variables defined by external packages. Use the exported targets via target_link_libraries instead.
CMake provides a collection of find modules for third-party libraries. For example, Boost doesn't support CMake. Instead, CMake provides a find module to use Boost in CMake.
Report it as a bug to third-party library authors if a library does not support clients to use CMake. If the library is an open-source project, consider sending a patch.
CMake dominates the industry. It’s a problem if a library author does not support CMake.
It’s possible to retrofit a find module that properly exports targets to an external package that does not support CMake.
See Daniel Pfeifer’s C++Now 2017 talk Effective CMake (slide 24ff.) on how to do this. Keep in mind to export the right information. Use BUILD_INTERFACE and INSTALL_INTERFACE generator expressions as filters.
Keep things simple. Don't introduce unnecessary custom variables. Instead of add_library(a ${MY_HEADERS} ${MY_SOURCES}), do add_library(a b.h b.cpp).
CMake is a build system generator, not a build system. It evaluates the GLOB expression to a list of files when generating the build system. The build system then operates on this list of files. Therefore, the build system cannot detect that something changed in the file system.
CMake cannot just forward the GLOB expression to the build system, so that the expression is evaluated when building. CMake wants to be the common denominator of the supported build systems. Not all build systems support this, so CMake cannot support it neither.
It just makes things simpler. See Dashboard Client via CTest Script for more information.
This simplifies filtering by regex when running tests via CTest.
By defining properties (i.e., compile definitions, compile options, compile features, include directories, and library dependencies) in terms of targets, it helps the developer to reason about the system at the target level. The developer does not need to understand the whole system in order to reason about a single target. The build system handles transitivity.
Calling the member functions modifies the member variables of the object.
Analogy to constructors:
add_executableadd_library
Analogy to member variables:
- target properties (too many to list here)
Analogy to member functions:
target_compile_definitionstarget_compile_featurestarget_compile_optionstarget_include_directoriestarget_link_librariestarget_sourcesget_target_propertyset_target_property
If a target needs properties internally (i.e., compile definitions, compile options, compile features, include directories, and library dependencies), add them to the PRIVATE section of the target_* commands.
This associates the compile definitions with their visibility (PRIVATE, PUBLIC, INTERFACE) to the target. This is better than using add_compile_definitions, which has no association with a target.
This associates the compile options with their visibility (PRIVATE, PUBLIC, INTERFACE) to the target. This is better than using add_compile_options, which has no association with a target. But be careful not to declare compile options that affect the ABI. Declare those options globally. See “Don’t use target_compile_options to set options that affect the ABI.”
t.b.d.
This associates the include directories with their visibility (PRIVATE, PUBLIC, INTERFACE) to the target. This is better than using include_directories, which has no association with a target.
This propagates usage requirements from the dependent target to the depending target. The command also resolves transitive dependencies.
Using a path outside a component’s directory is a hidden dependency. Instead, use target_include_directories to propagate include directories as usage requirements to depending targets via target_link_directories.
Being explicit reduces the chance to unintendedly introduce hidden dependencies.
Using different compile options for multiple targets may affect ABI compatibility. The simplest solution to prevent such problems is to define compile options globally (also see “Define project properties globally.”).
Packages defined in the same CMake tree are directly accessible. Make prebuilt libraries available via CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH. Finding a package with find_package should be a no-op if the package is defined in the same build tree. When you export target Bar into namespace Foo, also create an alias Foo::Bar via add_library(Foo::Bar ALIAS Bar). Create a variable that lists all sub-projects. Define the macro find_package to wrap the original find_package command (now accessible via _find_package). The macro inhibits calls to _find_package if the variable contains the name of the package. See Daniel Pfeifer’s C++Now 2017 talk Effective CMake (slide 31ff.) for more information.
In addition to directory-based scope, CMake functions have their own scope. This means variables set inside functions are not visible in the parent scope. This is not true of macros.
Use macros for defining very small bits of functionality only or to wrap commands that have output parameters. Otherwise create a function.
Functions have their own scope, macros don’t. This means variables set in macros will be visible in the calling scope.
Arguments to macros are not set as variables, instead dereferences to the parameters are resolved across the macro before executing it. This can result in unexpected behavior when using unreferenced variables. Generally speaking this issue is uncommon because it requires using non-dereferenced variables with names that overlap in the parent scope, but it is important to be aware of because it can lead to subtle bugs.
Don’t use macros that affect all targets in a directory tree, like include_directories, add_definitions, or link_libraries.
Those macros are evil. If used on the top level, all targets can use the properties defined by them. For example, all targets can use (i.e., #include) the headers defined by include_directories. If a target does not require linking (e.g., interface library, inline template), you won’t even get a compiler error in this case. It is easy to accidentally create hidden dependencies through other targets with those macros.
Use cmake_parse_arguments as the recommended way to handle complex argument-based behaviors or optional arguments in any function.
Don’t reinvent the wheel.
foreach(var IN ITEMS foo bar baz) ...foreach(var IN LISTS my_list) ...foreach(var IN LISTS my_list ITEMS foo bar baz) ...
CPack is part of CMake and nicely integrates with it.
This makes it possible to set additional variables that don’t need to appear in the project.
Toolchain files encapsulate toolchains for cross compilation.
It’s easier to understand and simpler to use. Don’t put logic in toolchain files. Create a single toolchain file per platform.
- Fix them.
- Reject pull requests.
- Hold off releases.
To treat warnings as errors, never pass -Werror to the compiler. If you do, the compiler treats warnings as errors. You can no longer treat warnings as errors, because you no longer get any warnings. All you get is errors.
- You cannot enable
-Werrorunless you already reached zero warnings. - You cannot increase the warning level unless you already fixed all warnings introduced by that level.
- You cannot upgrade your compiler unless you already fixed all new warnings that the compiler reports at your warning level.
- You cannot update your dependencies unless you already ported your code away from any symbols that are now
[[deprecated]]. - You cannot
[[deprecated]]your internal code as long as it is still used. But once it is no longer used, you can as well just remove it.
- At the beginning of a development cycle (e.g., sprint), allow new warnings to be introduced.
- Increase warning level, enable new warnings explicitly.
- Update the compiler.
- Update dependencies.
- Mark symbols as
[[deprecated]].
- Burn down the number of warnings.
- Repeat.
Using clang-tidy (<lang>_CLANG_TIDY), cpplint (<lang>_CPPLINT), include-what-you-use (<lang>_INCLUDE_WHAT_YOU_USE), and LINK_WHAT_YOU_USE help you find issues in the code. The diagnostics output of those tools will appear in the build output as well as in the IDE.
For each header file, there must be an associated source file that #includes the header file at the top, even if that source file would otherwise be empty.
Most of the analysis tools report diagnostics for the current source file plus the associated header. Header files with no associated source file will not be analyzed. You may be able to set a custom header filter, but then the headers may be analyzed multiple times.
- Intro to CMake by Jason Turner at C++ Weekly (Episode 78)
- LLVM CMake Primer
- Using Modern CMake Patterns to Enforce a Good Modular Design (slides) by Mathieu Ropert at CppCon 2017
- Effective CMake (slides) by Daniel Pfeifer at C++Now 2017
- The Architecture of Open Source Applications: CMake