For the reference of others please see 'links and useful information'
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Save ScottA38/d09a0fd80217f130f76253a0a23dc778 to your computer and use it in GitHub Desktop.
LEARNING MATERIAL FROM p23-27 OF "LATVIAN IN THREE MONTHS", ISBN: 978-9934-0-0342-4
SOME ADAPTION BUT CORE MATERIAL LARGELY UNCHANGED
In English possession is usually denoted by suffixing 's
to a word
In Latvian a possessive case is denoted by the word before the noun
Deklinācija (declension) | Nominatīvs (nominative) | Ģenitīvs (genitive) |
---|---|---|
1st | draug - s | draug - a dzīvolkis (friend's flat) |
2nd | brāl - is | brāļ - a māja (brother's house) |
3rd | tirg - us | tirg - us cena (market price) |
4th | mās - a | mās - as meita (sister's daughter) |
istab - a | istab - as logs ( the window of the room ) | |
5th | ģimen - e | ģimen - es tradīcijas (family traditions - traditions of the family) |
6th | sird - s | sird - s slimība (heart disease) |
Deklinācija (declension) | Nominativs (nominative) | Ģenitīvs (genitive) |
---|---|---|
1st | draug - i | draug - u dzīvolkis (friends' flat - the flat of these friends ) |
2nd | brāļ - i | brāļ - u māja (brothers' house - the house of my brothers ) |
3rd | tirg - i | tirg - u asociācija (markets' association - the association of markets ) |
4th | mās - as | mās - u meitas (sisters' daughters - the daughters of my sisters ) |
istab - as | istab - u logi | |
5th | ģimen - es | ģime - ņu klubs ( a family club ) |
6th | sird - is | sir - žu lauzējs ( a lady killer - the ladies' killer ) |
The genitive case in Latvian has some (seemingly nonsensical) rules as to where the genitive applies
-
to the noun following
nav
(past:nebija
, future:nebūs
), where you don't have- Man nav brāļ - a : I have no brother
- Viņam nav darb - a : He has no work
- Ilzei nebija spēk - a : Ilze had no strength
- Mums rīt nebūs laik - a : We won't have (sing.) time tommorow
- Mikam nebūs darb - a : Miks will not have work
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to the noun after the specific numerals (
desmit
(ten),simts
(a hundred),tūksotis
(a thousand))- desmit lat - u : ten Lats
- simts gad - u : one hundred years
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after:
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a noun denoting measure
- kilograms cukur - a : a kilo of sugar
- tonna naft - as : a ton of oil
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an adverb denoting indefinite number
- daudz istab - u : a lot of rooms
- maz grāmat - u : a few books
- Maz naud - as, maz bēd - u : little money, little worries (Latvian saying)
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nouns following the prepositions:
aiz (behind)
,bez (without)
,kopš (since)
,no (from)
,pēc (after),
pie (at),
pirms (before),
uz (on),
zem (under),
virs (above)`- examples:
- zem gald - a - under the table
- pēc remont - a - after repair
- pie log - a - at the window
- pirms darb - a - before work
- kopš vakardiena - s - since yesterday
- examples:
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nouns before 'for the sake of (dēļ)':
- mik - a dēļ, es braukšu uz veikalu - "Because of Miks I will drive to the shops"
- kristīne - s dēļ, es varu buču taisīt - "Because of Kristīne, I can make kisses"
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to modify another noun:
- parket - a grida - a parquet floor
- zelt - a gredzens - a golden ring
- musīka - s centrs - a music centre
nauda
(4th declension) - money cannot be plural, unlike English
Latvian basics course w/ animations and interactive activities:
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"tu" - informal you
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"jūs" - formal you
^ Look for these in a sentence, indication of formal or informal addressing
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"kā tu gulēji?" - how did you sleep?
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"ko tu mēklet?" - what are you searching (for)?
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"cik pulkstens?" - what is the time?
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kā jūs sauc? - what is your name?
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kā tevi sauc? - what is your name?
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nav par ko - you're welcome
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kur jūs strādājat? - where do you work?
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kur tu strādā? - where do you work?
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"No kurienes jūs esat" - where are you from?
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Es esmu Jānis Vanags - I am Janis Vanags
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Mans vārds ir Jānis - My first name is Jānis
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Mans uzvārds ir Vanags - My last name is Vanags
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Es esmu vīrietis - I am male
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Mani sauc Inga Vanaga - My name is Inga Vanaga ( my 'called' Inga Vanaga )
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Es esmu seviete - I am a woman
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Iepazīsimies - let's meet / get acquainted
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vinš ir zēns - he is a boy
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"Viņa ir Laura. Viņa ir meitene" - She is Laura. She is a girl
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"ļoti patīkami!" - very nice!
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"kā jus sauc"/"kā tevi sauc" - what is your name?
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"Es esmu no Latvijas. No kurienes jūs esat?" - I am from Latvia. From where are you?
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"Jā, es runāju vāciski, krieviski, un spaniski" - I speak German, Russian and Spanish
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"atvaino, mana latviešu valoda ir slikta" - Sorry, my Latvian is bad
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Uz redzēšanos - [formal] goodbye
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"lūdzu ej projām" - please go away
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"ko viņa darīja šodien?" - what did she do today?
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"ko viņa darīja vakar?" - what did she do yesterday?
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"kā iet tavai mammai?" - how's your mother?
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"Es gribu redzēt bilde ar tavu dārzu priekš maniem vēcaķiem" - I would like to see a photo of your garden for my parents
- "Mēs esam rīdzinieki" - we are Riga natives
- "Es esmu rīdzinieks" - I am a Riga native (m)
- "Es esmu rīdziniece" - I am a Riga native (f)
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arhitekts/arhitekte - Architect
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ārsts/ārste - Doctor
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gids/gide - Guide (a guide could work at a Travel Agency)
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pensionārs/pensionāre - Pensioner
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policists/policiste - Policeman/Policewoman
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skolnieks/skolniece - schoolboy/schoolgirl
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students/studente - student
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"Vinš strādā birojā" - he works in an office
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Es strādāju Policijā - I work for the Police
- "es pildu mājasdarbus" - I do my homework (direct translation - 'I fill up my homework', imagine filling up an exercise book)
- tūrisma firma - travel agency
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Pilsēta - town
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"Ta ir Pilsēta. Pilsēta ir daudz Māju" - It is a city. City has many houses"
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Kāpnes - stairs
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lifts - elevator
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"Es dzīvoju trīsstāvu mājā"" - I live in a three-storied house
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Mana ģimene dzīvo... [atrašanas vieta] - My family lives... [location]
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"Es īrēju istabu (dzīvokli) pilsētas centrā" - I rent a room (flat) in the city centre
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kur atrodas/ir... ? - where is ... located? / where is... ?
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"Vai jūs esat rīdzinieks (valimierietis) ?" - are you a 'Rīgian' ('Valmierian') ?
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Vai jūs dzīvojat... [atrašanas vieta]? - do you live ... [location]?
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kāds ir jūsu/tavs telefona numurs - what is your telephone number?
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"Es dzīvoju pirmajā stāvā" - I live on the ground
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"Mājai ir trīs stāvi, tā ir trīsstāvu Māja" - House has three floors, that is a three-storey house
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"Kurā pilsētā tu dzīvo?" / "Kurā pilsētā jūs dzīvojat?" - In which city do you live?
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"Mans kaimiņš ir Jānis" - My neighbour is called Jānis
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"Lūdzu, [Scott Anderson] klausās"
- (direct translation) Please, [Scott Anderson] listening
- (actual meaning) Please, [Scott Anderson] speaking
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"Pagaidi, lūdzu" inf - hold on, please!
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"Pagaidiet, lūdzu" formal - hold on, please!
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"Kas zvana?" - who is calling?
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"Pasauciet, lūdzu, [Krīstini Ozolu]" - Could you call [Krīstine Ozola] please?
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"Vai varētu runāt ar [Miks Ozols]" - I would like to speak with [Miks Ozols]
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"Jūs kļūdījāties"
- (direct translation) you have made a mistake
- (actual meaning) you have the wrong number
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"Es jums pievanīšu" - formal I will call you
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"Es tev pievanīšu" - inf I will call you
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pusdienas - lunch
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vakariņas - dinner
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brokastis - breakfast
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garšīgs - tasty
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man garšo - I enjoyed (context of food)
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kurš mazgā trauks? - who is washing dishes?
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trauki - dishes
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karote - spoon
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"kādas sastāvdaļas ir virtuvē?" - what ingredients are in the kitchen (note: the long 'ē' in 'virtuve' denotes Locative case, implying the sentence meaning is 'inside of' that place)
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mīlestiba - love
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es tevi mīlu - I love you
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viņa daudz palīdz - she helps a lot
singular
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vinš - he
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vīrietis - male
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viņa - she
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seviete - female
plural
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viņi - them (male)
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vīrieši - men
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viņas - them (female)
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sievietes - women
būt (to be) | nebūt (not to be) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Direct object translation | Tagadne present | Pagātne past | Nākotne future | Tagadne present | Pagātne past | Nākotne future | |
es | "I" | esmu | biju | būšu | neesmu | nebiju | nebūšu |
tu | "you" (inf., singular) | esi | biji | būsi | neesi | nebiji | nebusi |
viņš, viņa | "he, she" (singular) | ir | bija | būs | nav | nebija | nebūs |
mēs | "we" | esam | bijam | būsim | neesam | nebijām | nebūsim |
jūs | "you" (plural) | esat | bijāt | būsit (-iet) | neesat | nebijāt | nebūsit (-iet) |
viņi, viņas | "he, she" (plural) | ir | bija | būs | nav | nebija | nebūs |
N.B:
For 'vinš' and 'viņa' a name can instead be substuted, e.g: 'Toms ir vīrietis'(Tom is a man)
Strādāt (to work) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
English direct object translation | Tagadne present | Pagātne Past | Nākotne Future | |
es | "I" | strādāju | strādāju | strādāšu |
tu | "you" (inf., singular) | strādā | strādāji | strādāsi |
vinš, viņa | "he, she" (singular) | strādā | strādāja | strādās |
mēs | "we" | strādājam | strādājām | strādāsim |
jūs | "you" (plural) | strādājat | strādājāt | strādāsiet |
viņi, viņas | "he, she" (plural) | strādā | strādāja | strādās |
#Common verb conjugations
- strādāt - to work
- iet - to go
- zināt - to know
- teikt - to say
- For the present tense, it is not appropriate to use 'teikt', usually, use 'sācit' (for all present contexts)
- [darīt - to do] (https://cooljugator.com/lv/dar%C4%ABt)
- atrast - to find
- gribēt - to like
- dzert - to drink
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skatīties - watch
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jūs - you
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jūsu - your
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ļoti - very
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klausieties! - listen!
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mans/mana - my
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runāt - to speak
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vinš runāja - he speaks
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tas - that
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tā - it
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un - and
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not - nav
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mācās - studies
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daudz - many
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vēlāk - later
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parast - normal, commonly
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darīt - do
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atnāks - will come
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pārnāks - come back
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pie - to ("es braucs pie vēctava un vēcamāmiņa" - I drive to grandfather and grandmother's)
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gatavs - ready
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notiek - happening/going on
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būt - be
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agrāk - before
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savu - my own
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pareizi - correct
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viesnica - hotel
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atnāks - will come ('Vai viņa šodien atnāks?' - "is she coming today")
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brīva - available/free
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vieta - space/place
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dārga - expensive
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malacis - "wow" (that's cool/realisation)
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Mums - our
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lietošana - use (noun)
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lietot - use (verb)
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pieejams - available
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smieklīgi - funny
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projām - away
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labāk - better
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pabeidz - finish
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tagad - now
- Makšķerēšanas - fishing
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uzdevumi - tasks
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rakstīt - to write
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atbilde - (singular) answer
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brīvdienas - (plural) weekend/holidays
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cena - price
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cik - how many/much?
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pirkt - to buy
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nopirkt - to buy
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maksāt - to pay
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pilsēta - city
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atrodas - located
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ceļu - road
-
iela - street
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vieta - place
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pēc - after
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pirms - before
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priekša - in front of
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augša - up/above/upstairs
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daba - nature
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auksts - cold
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silts - warm
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karsts - hot
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saule - sun
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lietus - rain
- vasara - summer
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piedod - excuse me
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buča - kiss
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protans - of course
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vīrs - husband
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sencis - ancestor
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senču - ancestors (usually next generation, like father)
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tāvs - father
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žēls - sorrowful (used as 'sad')
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skūmji - sad
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bēda - worry (singular)
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noguris - tired
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kāpnes - stairs
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stavs - floor (_1st floor, 2nd floor)
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lifts - elevator
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glezna - picture
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krāsa - colour
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vannas istaba - bathroom
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virtuve - kitchen
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krēsls - chair
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galda - table
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virtuve - kitchen
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bikses - (plural) trousers
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zeķes - (plural) socks
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krekls - shirt
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trauki - dishes
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karote - spoon
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pusdienas - lunch
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vakariņas - dinner
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brokastis - breakfast
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garšīgs - tasty
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burkāns - a carrot
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citrons - a lemon
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ābols - a apple
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sīpols - an onion
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sēne - a mushroom
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kāposts - a cabbage
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kāpostgalva - a whole cabbage (a head of cabbage)
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tomāts - a tomato
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ķirbis - a pumpkin
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ķirsis - a cherry
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mačina - car
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piekaba - trailer
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noma - rental
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piekabju noma - trailer rental
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piegade - delivery
- lieldienas - Easter
- autoosta - Bus Station
- banka - Bank
- baznīca - Church
- lidosta - Airport
- skola - School
- slimnīca - Hospital
- stacija - Station
- teātris - Theater
- tirgus - Market
- universitāte - University
- veikals - Shop
- viesnīca - hotel
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vārds - word
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vienskatlis - singular
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daudzkatlis - plural
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mīkstinājuma zīmes - terms for the arrow above letters in Latvian e.g:
- 'š' on an 's'
- 'č' on a 'c'
- 'ģ' on a 'g'
- 'ļ' on an 'l'
- 'ņ' on an 'n'
- 'ķ' on a 'ķ'
- 'ž' on a 'z'
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garumzīmes - term for the 'dash' above vowels to elongate them e.g:
- 'ā' on 'a'
- 'ē' on 'e'
- 'ī' on 'i'
- 'ū' on 'u'
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Austrija - Austria
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Baltkrievija - Belarus
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Beļģija - Belgium
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Bulgārija - Bulgaria
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Čehija - Checkia
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Dānija - Denmark
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Francija - France
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Greiķija - Greece
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Horvātija - Croatia
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Igaunija - Estonia
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Īrija - Ireland
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Īslande - Iceland
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Itālija - Italy
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Krievija - Russia
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Latvija - Latvia
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Lielbritānija - Great Britain
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Lietuva - Lithuania
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Moldova - Moldova
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Nīderlande - the Netherlands
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Norvēģija - Norway
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Polija - Poland
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Portugāle - Portugal
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Rumānija - Romania
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Serbija - Serbia
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Slovākija - Slovakia
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Slovēnija - Slovenia
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Somija - Finland
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Spānija - Spain
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Šveice - Switzerland
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Ukraina - the Ukraine
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Ungārija - Hungary
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Vācija - Germany
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Zviedrija - Sweden
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austrietis/austriete - Austrian
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baltkrievs/baltkrievete - Belarussian
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beļģis/beļģiete - Belgian
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bulgārs/bulgāriete - Bulgarian
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čehs/čehiete - Checkian
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dānis/dāniete - Danish
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francūzis/francūiete - French
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grieķis/grieķiete - Greek
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horvāts/horvātiete - Croatian
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igaunis/iguaniete - Estonian
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īrs/īriete - Irish
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īslandietis/īslandiete - Icelandish
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itālietis/itāliete - Italian
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krievs/krieviete - Russian
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latvietis/latviete - Latvian
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anglis/angliete - English
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lietuvietis/lietuviete - Lithuanian
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moldāvs/moldāviete - Moldovian
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nīderlandietis/nīderlandiete - Dutchman/Dutchwoman
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norvēģis/norvēģiete - Norwegian
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polis/poliete - a Pole
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portugālis/portugāliete - Portguese
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rumānis/rumāniete - Romanian
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serbs/serbiete - Serbian
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slovāks/slovākiete - Slovakian
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slovēnis/slovēniete - Slovenian
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soms/somiete - Finnish
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spānis/spāniete - Spanish
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šveicietis/šveiciete - Swiss
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ukrainis/ukrainiete - Ukrainian
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ungārs/ungāriete - Hungarian
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vācietis/vāciete - German
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zviedrs/zviedriete - Swedish
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baltkrieviski - Belarussian
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flāmiski - Flemish
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bulgāriski - Bulgarian
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čehiski - Czech
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dāniski - Danish
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franciski - French
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grieķiski - Greek
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horvātiski - Croatian
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iguaniski - Estonian
-
īriski - Irish
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īslandiski - Icelandish
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itāliski - Italian
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krieviski - Russian
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latviski - Latvian
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angliski - English
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lietuviski - Lithuanian
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moldāviski - Moldovian
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nīderlandiski - Dutch
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norvēģiski - Norwegian
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poliski - Polish
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portugāliski - Portuguese
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rumāniski - Romanian
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serbiski - Serbian
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slovākiski - Slovakian
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slovēniski - Slovenian
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somiski - Finnish
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spāniski - Spanish
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ukrainiski - Ukrainian
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ungāriski - Hungarian
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vāciski - German
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zviedriski - Swedish