JettIsOnTheNet/awesome_lua_cheatsheet.md

## awesome_lua_cheatsheet.md

      
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    Lua Cheat Sheet

Lua is a lightweight, efficient, and versatile scripting language known for its simplicity and extensibility. It was created by Roberto Ierusalimschy, Waldemar Celes, and Luiz Henrique de Figueiredo at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in 1993. The name "Lua" translates to "moon" in Portuguese, reflecting the language's intention to be a small and beautiful extension to existing systems. Lua is often used as an embedded scripting language in various applications and has gained popularity in the game development industry for its ease of integration and speed. Its clean and intuitive syntax, along with a powerful set of features, makes Lua a preferred choice for developers seeking a fast and efficient language for their projects.
1. Comments

-- This is a single-line comment

--[[
   This is a multi-line comment
   that spans multiple lines
]]--
2. Variables and Data Types

Lua is dynamically typed and uses the following data types:
-- Variables are global by default
local age = 25

-- Basic data types
local name = "John"
local isStudent = true
local score = 98.5

-- nil represents absence of value
local result = nil
3. Control Structures

If-else Statement

local grade = 85

if grade >= 90 then
  print("A")
elseif grade >= 80 then
  print("B")
else
  print("C")
end
While Loop

local count = 1

while count <= 5 do
  print(count)
  count = count + 1
end
For Loop

for i = 1, 5, 2 do
  print(i)
end
4. Functions

-- Function definition
function add(a, b)
  return a + b
end

-- Function with multiple return values
function divideAndRemainder(a, b)
  return a // b, a % b
end

-- Function with anonymous function (lambda)
local multiply = function(a, b)
  return a * b
end
5. Tables

Tables are Lua's primary data structure, which can be used as arrays, dictionaries, or objects.
Creating Tables

-- Empty table
local emptyTable = {}

-- Table with array-like values
local colors = {"red", "green", "blue"}

-- Table with key-value pairs
local person = {
  name = "Alice",
  age = 30,
  isStudent = true
}
Accessing Table Elements

print(colors[1]) -- Output: "red"
print(person.name) -- Output: "Alice"
6. Metatables and Metamethods

Metatables allow you to define custom behavior for tables and implement operator overloading.
local t1 = {x = 10, y = 20}
local t2 = {x = 5, y = 15}

-- Define the add metamethod
local addMetamethod = function(t1, t2)
  return {x = t1.x + t2.x, y = t1.y + t2.y}
end

local mt = {
  __add = addMetamethod
}

setmetatable(t1, mt)

local result = t1 + t2
print(result.x, result.y) -- Output: 15 35
7. Closures

Lua supports closures, which are functions that can access variables from their containing function.
function outerFunction(x)
  local y = 10

  -- Closure function
  local innerFunction = function(z)
    return x + y + z
  end

  return innerFunction
end

local closureFunction = outerFunction(5)
print(closureFunction(3)) -- Output: 18
8. Modules

Modules help organize code and promote code reusability.
mymodule.lua

local mymodule = {}

function mymodule.add(a, b)
  return a + b
end

return mymodule
main.lua

local mymodule = require("mymodule")

local result = mymodule.add(3, 5)
print(result) -- Output: 8
9. Error Handling

local success, result = pcall(function()
  -- Code that may raise an error
  error("Something went wrong!")
end)

if success then
  print("No error occurred.")
else
  print("Error:", result)
end
10. Basic Input/Output

-- Print to console
print("Hello, Lua!")

-- Read input from user
io.write("Enter your name: ")
local name = io.read()
print("Hello, " .. name .. "!")
11. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Although Lua is not a fully object-oriented language, you can implement OOP concepts using tables and metatables.
Creating Classes

-- Define a class
local Person = {
  name = "",
  age = 0,
}

-- Constructor
function Person:new(name, age)
  local newObj = { name = name, age = age }
  self.__index = self
  return setmetatable(newObj, self)
end

-- Methods
function Person:sayHello()
  print("Hello, my name is " .. self.name)
end

-- Create an instance
local person1 = Person:new("Alice", 30)
person1:sayHello() -- Output: "Hello, my name is Alice"
12. Coroutines

Lua supports lightweight concurrency through coroutines.
-- Define a coroutine
local myCoroutine = coroutine.create(function()
  print("Coroutine started.")
  coroutine.yield()
  print("Coroutine resumed.")
end)

-- Resume the coroutine
coroutine.resume(myCoroutine) -- Output: "Coroutine started."

-- Resume the coroutine after yielding
coroutine.resume(myCoroutine) -- Output: "Coroutine resumed."
13. File I/O

-- Write to a file
local file = io.open("data.txt", "w")
file:write("Hello, Lua!")
file:close()

-- Read from a file
file = io.open("data.txt", "r")
local content = file:read("*a")
file:close()
print(content) -- Output: "Hello, Lua!"
14. Error Handling with assert

local function divide(a, b)
  assert(b ~= 0, "Division by zero is not allowed.")
  return a / b
end

local success, result = pcall(divide, 10, 0)

if success then
  print("Result:", result)
else
  print("Error:", result)
end
15. Standard Library

Lua's standard library provides various useful functions for string manipulation, math operations, table manipulation, and more.
String Operations

local text = "Lua is awesome!"
print(string.upper(text)) -- Output: "LUA IS AWESOME!"
print(string.len(text)) -- Output: 15
print(string.sub(text, 1, 3)) -- Output: "Lua"
Math Functions

print(math.sqrt(16)) -- Output: 4
print(math.random(1, 10)) -- Output: Random number between 1 and 10
Table Functions

local colors = {"red", "green", "blue"}

-- Insert elements
table.insert(colors, "

yellow")

-- Remove elements
table.remove(colors, 2)

-- Iterate over table
for i, color in ipairs(colors) do
  print(i, color)
end
16. Customizing the Environment

You can customize the Lua environment to control available functions and limit access to certain features.
-- Custom environment
local myEnv = {
  print = function(...)
    print("This is a custom print function.")
  end
}

setmetatable(myEnv, {__index = _G})

-- Execute Lua code in the custom environment
local code = [[
  print("Hello, Lua!")
  print("This is a test.")
]]

local chunk = load(code, "test.lua", "t", myEnv)
chunk() -- Output: "This is a custom print function."
17. Metatables and Operator Overloading

Metatables in Lua allow you to define custom behaviors for tables, including operator overloading.
-- Define a metatable
local myMetatable = {
  __add = function(a, b)
    return { x = a.x + b.x, y = a.y + b.y }
  end,
  __tostring = function(self)
    return "(" .. self.x .. ", " .. self.y .. ")"
  end
}

-- Create tables with the metatable
local t1 = { x = 10, y = 20 }
local t2 = { x = 5, y = 15 }

setmetatable(t1, myMetatable)
setmetatable(t2, myMetatable)

local result = t1 + t2
print(result) -- Output: (15, 35)
18. Creating and Using Modules

Lua's module system allows you to create reusable libraries and split code across multiple files.
mymodule.lua

-- Define a module table
local mymodule = {}

-- Private function
local function privateFunction()
  print("This is a private function.")
end

-- Public function
function mymodule.publicFunction()
  print("This is a public function.")
end

-- Return the module table
return mymodule
main.lua

-- Load the module
local mymodule = require("mymodule")

mymodule.publicFunction() -- Output: "This is a public function."
19. Luarocks Package Manager

Luarocks is a package manager for Lua that simplifies installing and managing external Lua modules.
# Install a Lua module
luarocks install luasocket

# List installed modules
luarocks list

# Remove a module
luarocks remove luasocket
20. Debugging with debug

Lua's debug library provides functions to access and manipulate the Lua debugging information.
-- Stack trace
function myFunction()
  local level = 1
  while true do
    local info = debug.getinfo(level, "nSl")
    if not info then break end
    print("Function: " .. info.name .. ", Line: " .. info.currentline .. ", Source: " .. info.source)
    level = level + 1
  end
end

myFunction()
21. Garbage Collection

Lua has automatic garbage collection to manage memory.
-- Force garbage collection
collectgarbage()
22. Basic Libraries

Lua provides several basic libraries that you can use in your scripts.
os Library

-- Get the current time
local currentTime = os.time()
print(currentTime)

-- Convert time to date
local date = os.date("*t", currentTime)
print(date.year, date.month, date.day)
io Library

-- Read a file
local file = io.open("data.txt", "r")
local content = file:read("*a")
file:close()
print(content)

-- Write to a file
file = io.open("output.txt", "w")
file:write("Lua is awesome!")
file:close()
math Library

print(math.sqrt(16)) -- Output: 4
print(math.random(1, 10)) -- Output: Random number between 1 and 10
string Library

local text = "Lua is awesome!"
print(string.upper(text)) -- Output: "LUA IS AWESOME!"
print(string.len(text)) -- Output: 15
print(string.sub(text, 1, 3)) -- Output: "Lua"
23. LuaJIT

LuaJIT is a Just-In-Time Compiler for Lua, providing significant performance improvements.
-- Install LuaJIT (on platforms where it's supported)
# Linux - Ubuntu
sudo apt-get install luajit

-- Use LuaJIT as the interpreter
luajit script.lua
24. Extending Lua with C

Lua can be extended with C/C++ to improve performance and integrate with existing C/C++ codebases.
Creating a C Function

// myextension.c
#include <lua.h>
#include <lauxlib.h>

// C function to add two numbers
static int add(lua_State* L) {
    int a = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
    int b = luaL_checknumber(L, 2);
    lua_pushnumber(L, a + b);
    return 1;
}

// List of functions to expose to Lua
static const luaL_Reg mylib[] = {
    {"add", add},
    {NULL, NULL} // Sentinel
};

int luaopen_myextension(lua_State* L) {
    luaL_newlib(L, mylib);
    return 1;
}
Compiling the C Extension

# Linux - Your Lua libs may be located in a different place depending on the Linux distribution.
gcc -shared -o myextension.so -I/usr/include/lua5.1 myextension.c

# macOS
gcc -shared -o myextension.so -I/usr/local/include/lua5.1 myextension.c
Using the C Extension in Lua

-- main.lua
local myextension = require("myextension")

local result = myextension.add(3, 5)
print(result) -- Output: 8
25. Light Userdata

Light userdata allows you to store C pointers in Lua without being subject to garbage collection.
// myuserdata.c
#include <lua.h>
#include <lauxlib.h>

// C struct
typedef struct {
    int x;
    int y;
} Point;

// Create a new Point and push it as light userdata
static int newPoint(lua_State* L) {
    Point* point = (Point*)lua_newuserdata(L, sizeof(Point));
    point->x = luaL_checknumber(L, 1);
    point->y = luaL_checknumber(L, 2);
    luaL_getmetatable(L, "point_metatable");
    lua_setmetatable(L, -2);
    return 1;
}

// Metamethod for garbage collection
static int gcPoint(lua_State* L) {
    Point* point = (Point*)lua_touserdata(L, 1);
    // Add cleanup code here if necessary
    return 0;
}

// List of functions to expose to Lua
static const luaL

_Reg mylib[] = {
    {"newPoint", newPoint},
    {NULL, NULL} // Sentinel
};

int luaopen_myuserdata(lua_State* L) {
    luaL_newmetatable(L, "point_metatable");
    lua_pushstring(L, "__gc");
    lua_pushcfunction(L, gcPoint);
    lua_settable(L, -3);

    luaL_newlib(L, mylib);
    return 1;
}
Compiling the Light Userdata Extension

# Linux - Your Lua libs may be located in a different place depending on the Linux distribution.
gcc -shared -o myuserdata.so -I/usr/include/lua5.1 myuserdata.c

# macOS
gcc -shared -o myuserdata.so -I/usr/local/include/lua5.1 myuserdata.c
Using the Light Userdata Extension in Lua

-- main.lua
local myuserdata = require("myuserdata")

local p = myuserdata.newPoint(10, 20)
print(p) -- Output: userdata: 0x...

-- Accessing C struct fields
print(p.x, p.y) -- Output: 10 20
26. Embedding Lua in C/C++

Lua can be embedded in C/C++ applications to provide scripting capabilities.
Embedding Lua in C

// main.c
#include <lua.h>
#include <lauxlib.h>
#include <lualib.h>

int main() {
    lua_State* L = luaL_newstate();
    luaL_openlibs(L);

    // Load and execute a Lua script
    luaL_dofile(L, "script.lua");

    // Close Lua state
    lua_close(L);
    return 0;
}
Embedding Lua in C++

// main.cpp
extern "C" {
#include <lua.h>
#include <lauxlib.h>
#include <lualib.h>
}

int main() {
    lua_State* L = luaL_newstate();
    luaL_openlibs(L);

    // Load and execute a Lua script
    luaL_dofile(L, "script.lua");

    // Close Lua state
    lua_close(L);
    return 0;
}
27. Mobile Development with Lua

Lua can be used in mobile app development, especially with game engines like Corona SDK and Defold.
-- Corona SDK example
local background = display.newRect(display.contentCenterX, display.contentCenterY, display.actualContentWidth, display.actualContentHeight)
background:setFillColor(0.5, 0.5, 0.5)

local text = display.newText("Hello, Corona!", display.contentCenterX, display.contentCenterY, native.systemFont, 24)
text:setFillColor(1, 1, 1)
28. Web Development with Lua

Lua can be used in web development with frameworks like Lapis and Sailor.
-- Lapis example
local lapis = require("lapis")
local app = lapis.Application()

app:get("/", function(self)
    return "Hello, Lapis!"
end)

app:run()
29. Scripting Game Engines

Lua is commonly used as a scripting language for game engines like Unity and Unreal Engine.
-- Unity C# with embedded Lua example
using System.Collections;
using UnityEngine;
using LuaInterface;

public class LuaScript : MonoBehaviour {
    private Lua lua;

    private void Start() {
        lua = new Lua();
        lua.DoString("print('Hello from Lua!')");
    }

    private void OnDestroy() {
        lua.Dispose();
    }
}